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The genetic constituent of varicose vein pathogenesis as a key for future treatment option development

This perspective focuses primarily on the fundamental part of phlebology, where most attention is paid to the genetic aspects of the pathogenesis of varicose vein disease and where the main breakthrough advances in this area of research are discussed. We propose a direction for further actions...

Anaortic, off-pump coronary artery bypass using multiple arterial grafts: Surgical technique

Traditional on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting on an arrested heart using a single arterial graft carries 2 main potential drawbacks: the risk of perioperative neurological injury and the known failure rate of vein grafts. To address this, we describe a surgical technique of anaortic,...

Total arterial coronary grafting: outcomes, concerns and controversies

Choice of conduit remains the Achilles heel of coronary artery bypass grafting. Conduit choice is crucial as it is deemed to influence the long-term outcomes. While the important survival advantage of a left internal mammary artery graft over vein grafts is universally accepted, controversy...

Obesity and atherosclerosis: the exosome link

Obesity is a global public health issue with serious health consequences and rising prevalence. It is a risk factor for a broad range of diseases, particularly atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Long-term weight loss is difficult to achieve, even with diet, life-style changes and...

Monocyte differentiation and macrophage polarization

Circulating monocytes are recruited to tissues, where they differentiate to macrophages and take part in the inflammation process or tissue remodeling. According to the traditional concept, macrophages are classified into pro-inflammatory (M1), non-activated (M0) or anti-inflammatory (M2)...

Chemical composition of circulating native and desialylated low density lipoprotein: what is the difference?

Atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular disorders remain the leading global cause of morbidity and mortality. Modified low density lipoprotein (LDL) is considered to play a crucial role in atherosclerosis development. During the past decades, several types of atherogenic LDL modification have...

PCSK9 inhibitors and their use in advanced heart failure and heart transplant recipients

The use of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors has garnered widespread attention in the medical community over the past ten years. A number of landmark trials have demonstrated the efficacy of PCSK9 inhibitors in lowering low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels...

Incathlab Bloopers 2020

Dear members, sponsors & partners, 2020 has left a lasting impression in a new world full of face masks and social distancing; but it also marked a major evolution in training methods. Remote connections, digital conferences and on demand videos are the new key words of...

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